Strictly speaking, many so-called mobile devices are not mobile. To what kind of host devices can it be bound.Whether the device is mobile or some kind of host to which it is attached is mobile.Major global manufacturers of mobile devices are Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Meizu, Zte, Xiaomi, Sony, Google, HTC, LG, TCL, Motorola Mobility, Nokia, Realme and Micromax Informatics.ĭevice mobility can be viewed in the context of several qualities: Mobile devices may provide biometric user authentication, such as face recognition or fingerprint recognition. Enterprise digital assistants can provide additional business functionality such as integrated data capture via barcode, RFID and smart card readers.īy 2010, mobile devices often contained sensors such as accelerometers, magnetometers and gyroscopes, allowing detection of orientation and motion. Phones/tablets and personal digital assistants may provide much of the functionality of a laptop/ desktop computer but more conveniently, in addition to exclusive features. Input and output is usually via a touch-screen interface. Mobile devices may run mobile operating systems that allow third-party applications to be installed and run.Įarly smartphones were joined in the late 2000s by larger, but otherwise essentially the same, tablets. Power is typically provided by a lithium-ion battery. Integrated cameras, the ability to place and receive voice and video telephone calls, video games, and Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities are common. Many such devices can connect to the Internet and interconnect with other devices such as car entertainment systems or headsets via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks or near field communication (NFC). Typically, any handheld computer device will have an LCD or OLED flat screen interface, providing a touchscreen interface with digital buttons and keyboard or physical buttons along with a physical keyboard. The aim of this article is to review the different TEER measurement techniques and analyze their strengths and weaknesses, determine the significance of TEER in drug toxicity studies, examine the various in vitro models and microfluidic organs-on-chips implementations using TEER measurements in some widely studied barrier models (BBB, GI tract, and pulmonary), and discuss the various factors that can affect TEER measurements.An iPhone smartphone and iPad tablet-two examples of mobile devices.Ī mobile device (or handheld computer) is a computer small enough to hold and operate in the hand. Variations in these values can arise due to factors such as temperature, medium formulation, and passage number of cells. Some of the barrier models that have been widely characterized using TEER include the blood–brain barrier (BBB), gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and pulmonary models. The measurements for various cell types have been reported with commercially available measurement systems and also with custom-built microfluidic implementations. TEER measurements can be performed in real time without cell damage and generally are based on measuring ohmic resistance or measuring impedance across a wide spectrum of frequencies. TEER values are strong indicators of the integrity of the cellular barriers before they are evaluated for transport of drugs or chemicals. Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a widely accepted quantitative technique to measure the integrity of tight junction dynamics in cell culture models of endothelial and epithelial monolayers.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |